Fiscal Extraction through Arbitration: How Investor–State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) drain Africa and MENA Public Finance

Investor–State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) is quietly draining public funds meant for healthcare, education, and workers, shifting them to private investors without public scrutiny. This study carefully examines this across Egypt, Kenya, Libya and Mauritius. We are making a case for urgent reform to keep public money serving people, not profit.