María José Romero and Gino Brunswijck of Eurodad say the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is simultaneously warning about the fiscal effects of ‘public-private partnerships’ and promoting them. “The advice of the IMF seems to lack coherence when it comes to PPPs. On the one hand the IMF recognises the fiscal risks associated with PPPs in its policy advice, while on the other there is a continued push for fiscal austerity measures, which has paved the way for the introduction of PPPs in many countries.”consolidation.