An EU directive has handed over control of visa issuance to private interests and effectively moved the Schengen border into South Africa. “This and subsequent directives have effectively led to the privatization of immigration control with airlines outsourcing the task of screening, before departure, both the validity of the travel documents and the trustworthiness of the travel intentions of their passengers, to private ground handling companies such as Checkport which belongs to the HNA Group-owned Swissport International Ltd.”